Who were the expatriates?

• A. Expatriates were members of the 'lost generation,' who exiled themselves in Europe.
• B. Expatriates were an established group who moved to American urban centers.
• C. Expatriates were foreign exchange students who studied in Asia.
• D. Expatriates were industrial workers who emigrated to Latin America.

Answer: (B)

Expatriates in this context refers to a recognized, established group of writers and artists who chose to live and work within the United States, clustering in the country’s major urban centers. They formed a network—creative circles, journals, salons, collaborations—that helped shape American literature from inside the city, rather than by moving abroad. The emphasis is on their organized presence in American metropolitan hubs and their collective influence on the literary scene there. This domestic, city-centered expatriate group contrasts with the idea of expatriates as Americans who left the country, or with other unrelated meanings like foreign students or industrial workers relocating elsewhere.